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A kartel is the Dutch term for an electoral alliance between two or more parties in Belgium. In a system of proportional representation in which the country is divided in multiple electoral districts, such as Belgium the threshold to obtain one seat can be very high (5% of votes since 2003), which also favours larger parties. Therefore some parties pool their voters in order to gain more (or any) seats. The SP.A-Spirit cartel between the Socialist Party - Different (SP.A) and the left-liberal Spirit (later FlemishProgressives, then Social-Liberal Party) is an example of such a cartel. ==Vlaams Kartels in Brussels== On several occasions some or all Flemish parties bundled forces on 'Vlaams Kartel' lists for municipal elections in Brussels (in Dutch Vlaams Kartel), sometimes getting together one or two seats in the municipal council, sometimes getting none. As these parties are minority parties in every Brussels municipality, i.e., the parties of an ethnic or linguistic minority (on the average 10-15% of the population), this is a case of an electoral coalition of ethnic parties. There were such kartel lists, whose composition differed from one municipality to another, in Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe in 1976 and 1982, in Oudergem in 1976, 1982 and 1988, in Anderlecht in 1988, in Etterbeek in 1976, 1982 and 1988, in Sint-Gillis in 1976, 1982, in Sint-Joost-ten-Node in 1982 and 2000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kartel (electoral alliance)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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